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我发我现在上知乎基本上就是带大家串知识点。我当了助教以后,除了带大家串知识点就是串reading list。可能我适合做个老师(笑、),天天带大家复盘。甚至自己给自己复盘。
我要复盘一下我这个文章
最近一直忙于睡觉:道德的前世与今生那好,我就针对“伦理学”这个学科捋一遍书单。
首先大家要明白一点,伦理学是一个庞大的系统,它分为规范伦理学、应用伦理学、和元伦理学。
一阶道德理论与二阶道德理论
规范伦理学知识地图
元伦理学知识地图
元伦理学与其他学科的关系图
元伦理学所有进路的鸟瞰图1
元伦理学所有进路鸟瞰图2
目录
入门
1.规范伦理学
2.应用伦理学
3.元伦理学
进阶
1.伦理学中经典中的经典
2.我们时代的伦理学
精通
1.新理念的雏形
入门
1.规范伦理学
Copp, David, ed.The Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Irwin, Terence.The Development of Ethics: A Historical and Critical Study. Vol. 1-3. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007-2009.LaFollette, Hugh.The Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2001.MacIntyre, Alasdair.A Short History of Ethics: A History of Moral Philosophy from the Homeric Age to the Twentieth Century. 2d ed. London: Routledge, 1998.Singer, Peter, ed.A Companion to Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.Skorupski, John, ed.The Routledge Companion to Ethics. London: Routledge, 2010.Shafer-Landau, Russ, Fundamentals of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2012.Shafer-Landau (ed), Ethical Theory: An Anthology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.Gordon Graham, Theories of Ethics: An Introduction to Moral Philosophy with a Selection of Classic Readings. Routledge, 2010.
以上书籍中,我最推荐《Fundamentals of Ethics》,一个本科生能吃透这本书,基本涵盖了伦理学目前最重要的一些东西,在伦理学可以过关了。这本书也在英美各大高校,广泛被指定为阅读材料,或主要教材。Shafer-Landau是元伦理学大牛,后面会详细写
2.应用伦理学
Singer, Peter.Practical Ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1979.Oderberg, David S.Applied Ethics: A Non-consequentialist Approach. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.R. G. Frey, Christopher Heath Wellman, A Companion to Applied Ethics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.Andrew I. Cohen, Christopher Heath Wellman (eds.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics. Wiley Blackwell, 2005.
以上教材中,我最推荐《Practical Ethics》,这本教材的作者曾任国际伦理学学会主席,1999年成为了普林斯顿大学生物伦理的教授。他与别人共同编辑出版了《生物伦理学》(Bioethics)这本期刊。
其代表作《动物的解放》(Animal Liberation)被翻译成二十多种文字,在几十个国家出版。英文版的重版多达26次。
而我推荐这本也是出于这个原因,作为应用伦理学大牛的作品,Practical Ethics被广泛用作应用伦理学的教科书。
3.元伦理学
Fisher, Andrew and Kirchin, Simon, eds. Arguing about Metaethics. Routledge Press. 2006.Harman, Gilbert and Thomson, J.J. Moral Relativism and Moral Objectivity. Blackwell Publishers. 1996. Miller, Alexander. An Introduction to Contemporary Metaethics. Polity Press. 2003.Moser, Paul and Carson, Thomas, eds. Moral Relativism: A Reader. Oxford University Press. 2001. Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey, ed. Essays on Moral Realism. Cornell University Press.1988.Shafer-Landau, Russ, ed. (2001-2010). Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Vol. 1-5. Oxford University Press.Matthew Chrisman, What is this thing called Metaethics?. Routledge, 2016
以上教材中,我最推荐《An Introduction to Contemporary Metaethics》,这本教材之所以被推荐,是因为,其一,他树理元伦理学进路的思路最清晰,其二,作者是做语言哲学的,而元伦理特别特别吃语言哲学的功底。因此,这本书被我认为,要么作为上课的主要参考书,要么作为你上完本科元伦理学课以后,复盘材料。
其中,Alexander Miller是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Realism”的编者,Mark van Roojen是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism”的编者,Shafer-Landau我前面规范伦理学也推荐过,潜心十年,编成五卷Oxford Studies in Metaethics
进阶
这个时候,你已经上完课了,本科伦理学的课程,你不禁想要追溯,上面教材中提到的思想的根源,你开始决定去复盘经典。你希望从经典中汲取这个学科向前进步的力量,也就是“温故知新”。
1.伦理学经典中的经典
Plato, Republic, 6:510-511, in Cooper, John M., ed., Plato: Complete Works Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1997.Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, in Barnes, Jonathan, ed., The Complete Works of Aristotle Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984.Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, ed., E. Curley, Chicago, IL: Hackett Publishing Company, 1994.Hume, David, A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740), eds. David Fate Norton, Mary J. Norton Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.Kant, Immanuel, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, tr, James W. Ellington Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 1985.Locke, John, Two Treatises, ed., Peter Laslett Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963.Spinoza, Benedictus, The Collected Writings of Spinoza, 2 vols., Edwin Curley, translator Princeton: Princeton University Press, vol. 1: 1985; vol. 2: 2016. The Ethics is in vol. 1; the Theological Political Treatise is in vol. 2.Smith, Adam, 1759, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2009.Mill, John Stuart, "Utilitarianism," in Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, ed., J.M. Robson London: Routledge and Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press, 1991.Moore, G.E., Principia Ethica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1903.Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999
你可能想要去复盘你之前在课程中学过的学者的“原著”:他们包括柏拉图、亚里士多德、霍布斯、亚当斯密、休谟、洛克、斯宾诺莎、密尔、康德、摩尔、罗尔斯。
2.我们时代的伦理学
Anscombe, G.E.M., 1958, “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy, 33: 1–19.——1958a, “On Brute Facts”, Analysis, 18: 69–72.McDowell, John (1998). Mind, Value, and Reality. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.—— 1985. “Values and Secondary Qualities.” Reprinted in McDowell (1998).——1987. “Projection and Truth in Ethics.” Reprinted in McDowell (1998).—— 1996. “Two Sorts of Naturalism.” Reprinted in McDowell (1998).Singer, Peter, 'Famine, Affluence, and Morality', Philosophy & Public Affairs, 1, no. 3 (1972): 229-43. Foot, Philippa, 1985. “Utilitarianism and the Virtues”, Mind, 94(2): 196–209.——1972, “Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives” The Philosophical Review, 81: 305–316.——Natural Goodness, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. ——Moral Dilemmas and Other Topics in Moral Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.Nagel, Thomas, 1970, The Possibility of Altruism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.—— 1985. The View From Nowhere, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Shafer-Landau, Russ, 2003. Moral Realism: A Defense, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Williams, Bernard, 1981. Moral Luck, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.——1985.Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Sinnott-Armstrong, 2006. Moral Skepticisms, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Blackburn, Simon, 1993. Essays in Quasi-Realism, Oxford: Oxford University Press.——,1971, “Moral Realism”, in John Casey (ed.), Morality and Moral Reasoning, London: Methuen. pp. 101–124.Joyce, R., 2001, The Myth of Morality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.–––, 2005, “Moral Fictionalism”, in Kalderon (ed.) 2005b, pp. 287–313.Kalderon, M., 2005a, Moral Fictionalism, Oxford: Clarendon Press.––– (ed.), 2005b, Fictionalism in Metaphysics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.–––, 2008a, “Moral Fictionalism, the Frege-Geach Problem, and Reasonable Inference”, Analysis, 68: 133–43.–––, 2008b, “The Trouble with Terminology”, Philosophical Books, 49: 33–41.Mackie, J. L., 1977, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, Harmondsworth: Penguin.Korsgaard, Christine M., 1983, “Two Distinctions in Goodness”, Philosophical Review, 92(2): 169–195. ——–––, 1997, “The Normativity of Instrumental Reason”, in Cullity & Gaut 1997: 215–254.——,1996a, The Sources of Normativity, Onora O’Neill (ed.), Cambridge: CambridgeDavid Lewis, 1972b, “Utilitarianism and Truthfulness,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 50: 17–19.——1989b, “Dispositional Theories of Value,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume 63: 113–137.——2000a, Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.——“New Work For a Theory of Universals,”Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61(4): 343–377.Timmons, M., Morality Without Foundations, New York: Oxford University Press. 1999.Zangwill, Nick, 1997, “Explaining Supervenience: Moral and Mental”, Journal of Philosophical Research, 22: 509–18.–––, 2006, “Moral Epistemology and the Because Constraint”, in James Dreier (ed.), Contemporary Debates in Moral Theory, Oxford: Blackwell: pp. 263–281.Rosen, Gideon, 2017b, “Metaphysical Relations in Metaethics”, in Tristram McPherson and David Plunkett (eds.),Routledge Handbook of Metaethics, New York: Routledge, pp. 135–150.——2020, “What is Normative Necessity?” in Mircea Dumitru (ed.),Metaphysics, Meaning, and Modality: Themes from Kit Fine, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Searle, John R., 'How to Derive "Ought" From "Is"', Philosophical Review, 73, no. 1 1964:43-58.Derek Parfit, 2011, On What Matters, Oxford: Oxford University Press.T. M. Scanlon, 2000, What We Owe to Each Other, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Railton, Peter, 'Facts and Values', Philosophical Topics, 14, no. 2 1986:5-31.Harman, Gilbert, The Nature of Morality Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977.......(等等,取决于你感兴趣的子领域还有什么经典)
这个时候,你大概已经是上研究生了,你可能开始上类似高阶伦理学(Advanced Introduction to Ethics),或者比如 PHI 524 Metaphysics for Metaethics ,以5开头这种课程了。
Thomas Scanlon、Simon Blackburn、Richard Brandt、Allan Gibbard、Richard Hare、John Mackie、Bernard Williams、Derek Parfit、Shafer-Landau、Philippa Foot、Anscombe、Joyce、Kalderon、Peter Railton、Timothy Williamson、Thomas Nagel等人的名字该进入你的视野了。
以上那份书单也是论文的中:
或许有你一定不想错过这些耳熟能详又早已享誉学界的这些名字,如:Mackie、Blackburn、McDowell、Williams、 Lewis、Nagel等等;
也或许有至今仍然在活跃的重要学者如Zangwill、Rosen、Shafer-Landau、Richard Joyce等等;
这里面有你们耳熟能详的书名如:《利他主义的可能性》 Natural Goodness The View From Nowhere Moral luck On What Matters;
也或许有那些当代伦理学中反复被别人运用的经典,如:Essays in Quasi-Realism,Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong,Values and Secondary Qualities, Modern Moral Philosophy等等。
其中,Richard Joyce是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Moral Anti-Realism”的编者。这个编者选的非常合适,23333。Walter Sinnott-Armstrong是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Moral Skepticisms”的编者。他这个词条就是自己在抄自己书,不要以为我没看出来,我看过你的书.....
说一点有意思的事情,熟悉Lewis的同学应该知道,他不以伦理学出名,但是我惊讶的发现了一个论文集Papers in Ethics and Social Philosophy (2000a)。我发现他是一个virtue ethicist、value pluralist、subjectivist。当你知道这几个概念是什么意思,你就大概知道他主张什么,你可以不妨顺着这条线索研读下去。看看是否能从他的身上获得启发,也是蛮有趣的,我们知道Lewis早期不少作品是关于“博弈论”的,尤其是受到Thomas Schelling的影响,而在后来他把“博弈论”的一些内质运用到了应用伦理学的一个有趣的话题“tolerance”。
1989a, “Academic Appointments: Why Ignore the Advantage of Being Right?,” in Ormond Papers, Ormond College, University of Melbourne. Reprinted in Lewis 2000a, pp. 187–200.
1989d, “Mill and Milquetoast,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 67: 152–171. 可以看看philpaper上的下载量,真·经典(笑
精通
1.新理念的雏形
这个时候你,上过了课,读过了经典,你已经看透这个学科从筚路蓝缕到今天都经历了些什么,你已经几乎没有办法通过上课,或者读以前人的经典作品再学到什么了。你开始需要去眺望这个领域最前沿的东西,你会去读论文,去寻找某个子领域最前沿的研究成果,这个时候,我已经给不了你什么reading list了,而且,你也知道该去读什么了...
附录
本回答中提到那些论文和书籍作者,有不少也是SEP的编者
Mark van Roojen是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism”的编者Richard Joyce是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Moral Anti-Realism”的编者Geoff Sayre-McCord是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Metaethics”和“Moral Realism”的编者Alexander Miller是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Realism”的编者Walter Sinnott-Armstrong是斯坦福哲学百科词条“Moral Skepticisms”的编者
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